A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury, occurs when there is a direct impact to the head, face, neck, or any other part of the body that exerts force on the head or by violent shaking. It is a very common injury in New Zealand, with approximately 24,000 cases every year. Concussions are a complex and potentially dangerous injury, with significant implications for the brain. When a sudden jolt occurs, the brain, made of soft fatty tissue, can shift and collide with the skull's hard interior. This impact can result in a range of symptoms and damage to the delicate structure of the brain. It's important to note that immediate medical attention may not be necessary, but it is crucial to be aware that signs and symptoms can manifest hours or even days later. Additionally, it is not necessary to lose consciousness in order to sustain a concussion.

The symptoms experienced are a result of nerve damage, which may not be identifiable through scans or x-rays. These symptoms serve as your body's way of indicating that something is amiss. Fortunately, in most cases, the damage is not permanent. However, like any injury, the body requires time to heal and repair the damage.

Concussions can also lead to emotional, behavioral, and cognitive challenges that can disrupt one's daily life. Fortunately, most of these problems typically resolve within three months. However, in some cases, these symptoms may persist beyond this period, a condition known as Post-Concussion Syndrome.

If you’ve had a concussion, or think you have a concussion, take it seriously and see your doctor.

Concussions can manifest in various ways, including blackout, headache, blurry vision, balance problems, mood and behavioral changes, memory and thinking issues, and sleep disturbances. It is important to note that every brain is unique, explaining the wide variation in people's experiences with concussions. Fortunately, the majority of concussions fully heal, and symptoms subside within days or weeks. Adequate rest and a gradual return to activity allow the brain to heal itself.

Some immediate signs that a person has sustained a concussion include:

• Appears dazed
• Confused
• Poor balance and lack of coordination
• Answers questions slowly
• Runs in the wrong direction
• Forgets events that occurred before and after impact
• Loses consciousness – but it is important to remember that a person can sustain a concussion without losing consciousness

A person may complain of:

• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Double or blurred vision
• Confusion
• Fatigue
• Poor concentration
• Memory problems
• Sleep difficulties
• Irritability
• Sensitivity to noise and light
• Ringing in ears

Following a concussion, individuals may experience changes in cognitive functioning, including difficulties with attention, memory, and information processing. They may struggle to concentrate or find it challenging to remember new information or organize their thoughts effectively. These cognitive impairments can significantly impact their ability to perform everyday tasks, maintain productivity, and engage in social interactions.

Effects of Concussion on Thinking, Behavior, and Personality Changes:

Thinking:

• Difficulties with attention, memory, and information processing.
• Challenges in concentration, remembering new information, and organizing thoughts effectively.
• Impaired cognitive functioning impacting daily tasks, productivity, and social interactions.

Behavior:

• Impulsivity, rushing into things before thinking.
• Disinhibition, a lack of self-control.
• Difficulty in initiating tasks or getting started on things.
• Irritability, feeling frustrated and having a short fuse.
• Lack of insight and self-awareness, inability to judge one's own strengths/weaknesses and understand how actions affect others.

Personality:

• Social withdrawal or isolation, especially for previously outgoing individuals.
• Lack of motivation or interest in activities once enjoyed.
• Strained relationships with family, friends, and colleagues due to personality changes.

It's important to remember that the effects of a concussion can vary among individuals, with different severities and durations of symptoms. Seeking medical attention and appropriate rehabilitation services following a concussion is crucial for facilitating recovery and effectively managing these cognitive, behavioral, and personality changes.